How Crime and Deviance Can Be Seen As Functional for Society Essay

Crime and deflection are acts that will elicit dissent from society. They take various forms and pack various concepts and theories. It will be the aim of this paper to explore those that are considered to be operable for society. It was Emile Durkheim who first clearly established the logic behind the functional approach to the study of crime and deviance1 when he wrote The Rules of Sociological Method and The Division of Labour2. In those works, Durkheim argued that crime and deviance is an integral part of all healthy societies. He reasoned that crime and deviance are not precisely inevitable, but also functional for society and that they will only be considered dysfunctional when they chain of mountains abnormally high or low levels. His theory of functionalism rooted from his amazement with how society was able to keep itself intact amidst the social, political and economic upheaval provoked by the Industrial Revolution. He found that the s ocial glue holding everything in place was value consensus, social solidarity and collective conscience and that crime and deviance had a role in this equation. Deviance is a wide-ranging term used by sociologists referring to behaviour that is off-tangent from social normalities3, and that crime is a variant of deviance, only that it comprises activities or actions which are deemed so damaging to the interests of the community (Pease, 1994) that some form of identification and action must be done against the perpetrator. It follows that all crime are, by definition, deviant behaviour, but not all forms of deviance are criminal4. In the pre-industrial days, societies were sm... ... Publishers Ltd., Chapter 6, pp. 330 403 8. Kai T. Erickson (nd) Notes on the Sociology of Deviance, in Howard S. Becker (ed) (1967) The Other Side, Perspectives on Deviance, Glencoe, The Free Press 9. Robert A. Nisbet (1975) The Sociology of Emile Durkheim, London, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., Chapter 7, pp. 209 237 Notes 1 (Criminology, nd) 2 (Robert A. Nisbet, 1975) 3 (Chris Livesey,nd) 4 Ibid 5 Ibid 6 (Anthony Giddens, 2001) 7 (Durkheim, nd) 8 (Chris Livesey,nd) 9 (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004) 10 Ibid 11 (Emile Durkheim, nd) 12 (Criminology, nd) 13 (Robert A. Nisbet, 1975) 14 (Kai T. Erikson, nd) 15 (Chris Livesey,nd) 16 Ibid 17 (Chris Livesey,nd) 18 Ibid

Islam the Role and Function of the Mosque in a Muslim Community :: essays research papers

The role and function of the mosque in a Muslim community A mosque is generally a precise symbolic short letter for a Muslim, being a humble way for Muslims to recreate pure divine presence on earth. The primary purpose of the mosque is to make as a place where Muslims can come together for prayer. Nevertheless, mosques argon known around the world nowadays for their Moslem architecture but or so importantly for its general vitality to the Muslim Ummah (community). A mosque brings the community together as it acts as many things, a hearty boil down, a community centre and an educational centre etc as it has many events which welcome both old and new members of the mosque. In addition to haveing the five-spot obligatory daily prayers, mosques hold jumu?ah prayers, or Friday prayers, which replace the midday prayer as the second required prayer on Fridays. It is required for all work force to attend mosque on Friday for Jumu?ah. The sermons much have a strong practical slant, trying to integrate and apply Islamic beliefs and historical teachings into contemporary daily life. In many Islamic societies, jumuah oft has a significant community or even political role. I believe sermons ar significant in rescue the community together as the congregation is standing side by side in a line, facing Mecca, together, all united in their doctrine and worship of Allah There are study centres for new comers of the faith to come and learn about the Islamic faith, about the teachings of the Qur?an, learn how to read it and pronounce . These are often take place on weekends or in the evenings. Some mosques provide adept time schools if you depend on the mosque to provide a full time Islamic education. a few(prenominal) but some mosques have Madrassah?s Arabic classes, classes on the Shariah, the hadith, the Sunnah, Tafsir(Qur?anic interpretation) and Muslim history. This will expand ones knowledge of Islam and wi ll excessively draw them closer to their faith. broadly children attend this study centre however all are welcome who care to learn.. Which can deepen the faith as it can expand ones brain of Islam.Islam the Role and Function of the Mosque in a Muslim Community essays research papersThe role and function of the mosque in a Muslim community A mosque is generally a very symbolic place for a Muslim, being a humble way for Muslims to recreate pure divine presence on earth. The primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place where Muslims can come together for prayer. Nevertheless, mosques are known around the world nowadays for their Islamic architecture but most importantly for its general vitality to the Muslim Ummah (community). A mosque brings the community together as it acts as many things, a social centre, a community centre and an educational centre etc as it has many events which welcome both old and new members of the mosque. In addition to holding the five obligatory daily prayers, mosques hold jumu?ah prayers, or Friday prayers, which replace the midday prayer as the second required prayer on Fridays. It is required for all men to attend mosque on Friday for Jumu?ah. The sermons often have a strong practical slant, trying to integrate and apply Islamic beliefs and historical teachings into contemporary daily life. In many Islamic societies, jumuah often has a significant community or even political role. I believe sermons are significant in bringing the community together as the congregation is standing side by side in a line, facing Mecca, together, all united in their faith and worship of Allah There are study centres for new comers of the faith to come and learn about the Islamic faith, about the teachings of the Qur?an, learn how to read it and pronounce . These are often take place on weekends or in the evenings. Some mosques provide full time schools if you depend on the mosque to pr ovide a full time Islamic education. Few but some mosques have Madrassah?s Arabic classes, classes on the Shariah, the hadith, the Sunnah, Tafsir(Qur?anic interpretation) and Muslim history. This will expand ones knowledge of Islam and will also draw them closer to their faith. Mostly children attend this study centre however all are welcome who care to learn.. Which can deepen the faith as it can expand ones understanding of Islam.

Urban Legend of the Goatman of Beltsville, Maryland :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

Goatman of Beltsville, MarylandThe storyteller told the story of the Goatman from Beltsville story to me. On a summer night in 2005, she and her genius were driving back from a mall. Her paladin took a shortcut home to Beltsville, Maryland by way of Callington Road Bridge. While on this shortcut home, her friend stopped the car on the side of road and turned off the headlights. She proceeded to tell the interviewee the story of the Goatman, emphasizing its truthfulness the entire time. After she heard the story, the interviewee never drove across Callington Road Bridge again. The storyteller told me the story of the Goatman in a mutual friends dorm room at night. I had come to the dorm room to ask my friend if he knew any urban legends of ghost stories from around campus or the state of Maryland. The storyteller, a 21-year-old biology major, yelled excitedly from the couch that she knew unmatched. She is from Beltsville, Maryland. Her mother is a lawyer and her father is a math professor. My friend and I sat down on the couch and listened intently as she told the story The Goatman from Beltsville.In the 1970s, a crazy doctor did a genetic experiment. The doctor bred a goat with a human by fusing the dickens embryos. A bilk was born half human and half goat. It had horns, really thick hair on its face, a tail, sharp teeth, and a temper. The deformed baby grew into a really gross guy. As Goatman grew older he became more and more violent until finally the doctor kicked him out. After that, the Goatman retreated into the forest to live. He eats cats and dogs as his main source of food, and from time to time he eats humans walking alone at night along this one road commonly known as Goatman Hallow (Callington Road Bridge). Goatman is bloodthirsty, fearless, and always on the prowl. Sometimes he wanders into peoples back yards and eats their pets. Owners testament find their pets the next day with only the carcasses remaining. Kids are warn ed not to take the shortcut home through the forest because Goatman might eat them. One time a few kids took the shortcut home at night and this one kid fell behind.

Leonardo Da Vinci Essay -- Painter Artist Biographies Essays

da Vinci Da Vinci A Renaissance man in Renaissance cartridge holders, Leonardo Da Vinci frequently defied a simple description. As a scientist, inventor, artist, and so much more, Leonardo Da Vincis works continue to impact our lives eventide now. Born on April 15th, 1452 in Anchiano (now a part of Italy), Leonardo came into a world on the brink of change. The Italian renaissance was sweeping through the peninsula during Da Vincis lifetime and he would soon come to be one of its foremost figures.While there is not a great deal know about Leonardos early life, it does not seem atypical from that of a normal boy born into a fairly wealthy family during that time period. Born of a notary named Ser Piero and a peasant woman named Catarina, Da Vinci was an illegitimate child. However, at age five, he moved from his birthplace to Vinci, which is in the Tuscany neighbourhood of Italy, to live with his father. While there, Leonardo began his formal education. Beginning with reading, writi ng, and arithmetic, Da Vinci excelled at his studies and soon moved on to an apprenticeship with a man named Andrea del Verrocchio in 1466.Verrocchio, a Florentine artist, was known for his works in several(prenominal) different fields of art. He practiced sculpture, painting, and also worked with gold and bronze. Leonardo continued under the tutelage of Verrocchio for several years, studying these different types of art. In 1472, Leonardo had finished his apprenticeship and had his name entered into the Florentine book of painters, which signified that he had officially joined the ranks of the Painters Guild. Though he had completed his apprenticeship with Verrocchio and joined the Painters Guild, he did not yet leave his masters house.Leonardos artistic talents... ...ve are told to people from all walks of life. His very unique life and his many accomplishments serve as an inspiration to painters, scientists, doctors, inventors, and anyone else who wants to push the boundaries of art and education. Being such a visionary figure in history has also made Da Vinci the focus of many stories and movies from The Da Vinci Code regarding his artworks and his backwards writing, to Mona Lisa Smile a movie about art appreciation centering on the much discussed smile in his most famous portrait.Works CitedKausal, Martin. Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519. http//www.kausal.com/leonardo/index.html. 21 Jan 2005.OConnor, J.J., E. F. Robertson. Leonardo. http//www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Leonardo.html. 21 Jan 2005.Boston Museum of Science. Leonardo da Vinci. http//www.mos.org/leonardo/. 21 Jan 2005.

Personal Narrative- The Path Towards Grace, Love and Peace :: Personal Narrative Writing

Personal Narrative- The Path Towards Grace, Love and PeaceWhen I was 16 I left my parents home. One month before I left, I wrote this in my journalWhat is the fluttering in my belly, rising up through my chest? An apprehension a fear exhilaration? I am anticipating a change a falling d witness a caving in of something I expect to be solid. Im in a strange place, moving slowly forward with nonhing that can be measured an internal advancement, a shedding away of old selves. I am pared down.The story of my leaving still feels like something written in code a code no one could understand on the able mind level. It was my souls decision and no amount of explaining or writing has helped enlighten those who did not understand it. I barely understood it myself. To those who did understand, I had to say very poor. They knew within the first two minutes of my telling. They were inevitably people who, at some point in their lives, tried to bury their own souls yearnings, who had deci ded to live a perfectly fine and reasonable life, until the day they could not. That day of soul excavation remains crystal devolve in their minds. As do all the nudges and urgings from the universe that led them there. Once I left, I looked back and saw this path towards that day so understandably to me it made perfect sense. So much so that when friends asked me later, How could you leave such a life not having to work, good parents, nice house? I would answer, How could I not? And yet, I had never felt so humbled. With my leaving came the realization of how very little I had known my Self all those years. I did not leave gracefully.I did not expect my soul to be such an urgent and powerful force. Nor did I plan to leave when I did but formerly I did, I felt supported and encouraged by something I could not name. The path ahead kept lighting up as if with neon. Go there. Do this. Fear accompanied me and frustration, guilt and desperate prayers, but no longer did I feel that d eep sadness I could not name, which Sarah prohibition Breathnagh, in her book Simple Abundance, says is you missing your authentic self.I feel lucky now that as a child I took on little of our cultures burden around success.

Personal Narrative- The Path Towards Grace, Love and Peace :: Personal Narrative Writing

Personal Narrative- The Path Towards Grace, Love and PeaceWhen I was 16 I go forth my parents home. One month before I left, I wrote this in my journalWhat is the fluttering in my belly, rising up through my chest? An apprehension a fear excitement? I am anticipating a change a f on the wholeing down a caving in of something I expect to be solid. Im in a strange place, moving slowly forward with nothing that can be measured an internal advancement, a shedding aside of old selves. I am pared down.The story of my leaving still feels like something written in code a code no one could control on the rational mind level. It was my souls decision and no amount of explaining or writing has helped enlighten those who did not understand it. I unless understood it myself. To those who did understand, I had to say very little. They knew within the first two minutes of my telling. They were inevitably people who, at some point in their lives, well-tried to bury their own souls yearnin gs, who had decided to live a perfectly fine and reasonable life, until the twenty-four hours they could not. That day of soul excavation carcass crystal clear in their minds. As do all the nudges and urgings from the universe that led them there. Once I left, I looked back and saw this path towards that day so clearly to me it made perfect sense. So much so that when friends asked me later, How could you leave such a life not having to work, good parents, nice firm? I would answer, How could I not? And yet, I had never felt so humbled. With my leaving came the realization of how very little I had known my Self all those years. I did not leave gracefully.I did not expect my soul to be such an urgent and powerful force. Nor did I plan to leave when I did but once I did, I felt supported and encouraged by something I could not name. The path ahead kept lighting up as if with neon. Go there. Do this. Fear accompanied me and frustration, guilt and desperate prayers, but no longer did I feel that deep sadness I could not name, which Sarah Ban Breathnagh, in her book Simple Abundance, says is you missing your authentic self.I feel lucky now that as a child I took on little of our cultures burden around success.

Tall Buildings

The aspiration to construct pontifical buildings is non something new. They suck up always been enjoymentd to demonstrate control and wealth. In the land of steep-growing buildings, the design and construction and life safe ar the most important grimaces of offering a fictional building. The life gum elastic of the occupant of buildings is in truth essential as today most tenants be worried much(prenominal) and more virtu tout ensembley how safe the building is? Issues such as unplanned give the sack, earthquakes, floods and terrorist attacks are major concerns. Such disasters have try ond to cost millions of economic, financial and human loss.These disasters tend to have enormous heart and soul on the construction industry and professionals such as architects, fire engineers, structural engineers, insurers and extremity workers from all over the world were called to discuss the issue and find solutions. Their have been several procedures derived in order to ch ance upon security against fire It is not possible to attain the required level of safety by following one procedure. Thus several procedures if performed together prove to be helpful in attaining certain results against fire.Most of the fascinating tall buildings and there integrated systems that have reached a level of safety during several events such as the world trade centre1 and 2, the emirates tower in Dubai and numerous others. Understanding the role, limitations and interface between systems is fundamental to system selection. Complementing to systems side of building design is the operating blow or human interface that supplements these sophisticated systems (Craighead, 2003). To sustain the level of safety and quality it is necessary that security systems are designed with exceptional attention at the time when the design of the building is designed.Then there is the maintenance to upkeep fire security up to date and in working conditions these systems are to be look into and tested from time to time on regular basis. This paper will offer a review and description of all of these aspects linked to high bone up buildings. This study has been researched and fortifyed in order to find requirements concerning fire safety in tall buildings, a tenacious with determining the relation between good designs and up(p) safety of tall buildings and occupants.Aims and ObjectivesAimsThe aim of this paper is to provide an understanding of how a better informed design of tall buildings move address fire safety requirements. In particular, it seeks to identify how fire can affect the safety of a tall building and its occupants, It in like manner examine the existing and emerging design solutions and principle to address the problems and threats of fire safety in tall buildings. According to The New Civil Engineer, The WTC disaster has caused us all to think hard about the best actions to take to make tall buildings safer, (Forest and Wainwright 2002).To imp rove the overall safety of tall buildings, this research will view a specific aspect of fire emergency in more depth. This aspect is related with the comparison of using stairs and elevators in movement of an emergency.ObjectivesThe main objectives or guideics of this paper that I have evaluated briefly and thoroughly as per requirement are as following1. Introduce fire behaviour in tall buildings and how it spreads.2. Outline the consequences for human lives and physical resources.3. Discuss how poor design of tall buildings has caused fire.4. Examine how good design like a balanced approach in using stairs and elevators with respect to the fare of appalls is useful in minimizing losses during fires.5. Synthesise the main points and outline the recommendations for the design of tall buildings.Hence after evaluating and analysing the sub topics mentioned above in an nonionic manner it can be expected that we would achieve the desired aims. To thoroughly evaluate the every objec tive we need to conduct proper research and use appropriate methods to achieve the desired results.Research MethodologyA numerate of sources have been used to compile this paper. The lists of references are outlined at the end of this paper. In main approaches were selected for this study, which intromits1) Collection of vicarious data about history, evolution, development of the design and safety issues in tall buildings and identify how they relate to each other. This included the analysis of books, daybooks, internet sources and other germane(predicate) publications. In addition, codes, standards and regulations which have impacted on fire safety in buildings were also reviewed.2) Analysis of a case study illustrating examples of high rise buildings relating to their achiever and failure during a fire. This also entailed the examination of design solutions to fire safety.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThis chapter focuses on the analysis of existing literature on the good desig ns in relation to tall building. The chapter even revolves around fire behaviour and means of escape in case of fire from tall buildings. This chapter begins with the importance of tall buildings and what kind-hearted of threats pose these magnificent mental synthesis, the chapter moves on further with the concepts of good and bad design.At the end of the chapter some legislations and laws are discussed. towering constructs Defining a building as existence tall and magnificent can be done finished the number of outrages it has by general citizenry. Then there are terms used that include skyscraper and high rise these terms are generally used to describe tall building therefore I researched to understand these terms and found meanings that were equally vagueVery tall modern building, usually in a city (Cambridge International Dictionary of English, 2003).A very tall building with many storeys (Word Net, 2003).A tall modern building with a lot of floors (Cambridge Internation al Dictionary of English, 2003).After focusing on dictionaries I spend some time researching from books, Skyscrapers have fascinated mankind since the start of civilization.It is not possible to define them by using specific terms linked just to the height or to the number of floors. The height of a building is a matter of a persons or communitys circumstance and their consequent perception as Stafford-Smith said. Therefore, no definition of tall building can be generally applied.However, the structural engineers define a tall building as one that, because of its height, is touch by lateral forces due to wind or earthquake to the extent that the forces play an important role in their structural design as Stafford-Smith said. (Tall Building Structures Analysis and Design) Advantages of Tall Buildings Tall buildings are designed to supply the requirements of an intended occupancy such as residential, commercial or both together. They are not the only way to attain high density furth er they can in situations such as small areas of a city where land is limited.Moreover, tall buildings are usually situated or placed near the public transport nodes which reduce the necessity for car use. many people agree that they are advantageous . They can as well take part in a positive part in the design of the city centre by marking places of public, commercial or cultural importance. Also, Refurbishing and reusing the actual unoccupied space can allow the positive flow-on effects of regeneration to be spread more all over the city centre, and as long as they are well designed and located, they can be a positive way to develop in urban areas. (Construction Technology for Tall Buildings)In the early stages of planning a building, the whole design team has to agree on one form of structure to satisfy all the requirements considering the safety and fictional matters. Thus buildings not only help in developments and give accommodation to a huge number of people it gives employme nt opportunities during the construction of the building. (Tall Building Structures Analysis and Design) Disadvantages of Tall Buildings With advantages tall buildings have many disadvantages, the disadvantages include the existence of too many occupied floors on top of each other means a big concentration of occupants, personal and business property.Which result in a huge possible fuel freight of the building? The disadvantages that it has to face in case of accidental fire is the likelihood of a great uncontrolled fire rising presents danger in tall buildings as it is a vertical structure. There will be delays in reaching the area to provide serve wellance for example if there will be a fire in the upper floor of the tall building it will be difficult to reach that floor and provide help.In a case of fire, it is difficult for all the occupants to leave the building by using lifts, staircases and emergency exits at once. The access of the fire department can be limited from both outside and inside the building. High rise buildings have natural forces that affect on the fire and smoke movements such as wind which increase the mob effect due to the height of the building, this stack effect can move a large amount of uncontrolled heat or smoke through the building.Problems Faced By Buildings under FireThe construction of tall buildings is much more important than before, as design safety is becoming paramount to avoid the inconceivable loss of lives and the latch on of buildings. Therefore, the construction of tall buildings needs a better approach, combining better design and technological solutions. These solutions should be designed to avoid the collapse of tall buildings, when the supports for one floor of the building fail, causing the failure of the lower floors.To address this issue, recent studies suggest that tall buildings should include a collapse floor every 10 storeys, this floor will be able to carry the weight of the floors on top. Modern bui ldings are at risk to fire because of the poise structural material that looses half its strength at 6000C, which can be easily reached when a building burns. To prevent this, we need to design strong and non-brittle buildings in order to absorb the shock without fracturing the structure of the building. . (Construction Technology for Tall Buildings)Design Plan and Safety Precautions for Fire SafetyThere are many fire life safety systems and equipments that can be used in order to make sure that the building is safe to use and that occupants can be evacuated safely and quickly, and that the right measures are fetching at the right time. In order to understand what is required for a typical high rise building it is advised to review the laws, codes and regulations. The construction of skyscrapers necessitates more detailed planning to prevent errors from occurring in the lifecycle of it.Since September 11th 2001 in New York, design teams are more conscious about the health and safe ty of the community. Buildings are growing taller to supply the demand for more space. It is evident that stairs provided in tall buildings as a means of escape are not sufficient. Consequently, there is a need for alternative means of escape from tall buildings in case of a fire. Architects and engineers must provide better solutions when designing tall buildings, as recent event such as 9/11 revealed that existing safety measures are inadequate.For instance, major consideration should be given to how long it takes to get everyone out of a building on case of a fire, taking in consideration that the public cannot, in general, use lifts. . (Construction Technology for Tall Buildings) The planning of tall buildings is an essential procedure, particularly where the environment has old historic buildings. The process become so difficult in this case, and its not just to do with height, it is more to do with the difficulty of integration between the two different types.Consequently, it is important to ensure that the building will have a nice effect on the environment and produce a relaxing surrounding. (Tall Building Structures Analysis and Design) Tall buildings are difficult to build, not just for the safety issues, but also the required services such as elevators, plumbing, wiring, stairs, air-conditioning ducts. In addition to greater beams and columns, buildings require more elevators than short buildings. So, the construction of tall buildings makes business sense but necessitates huge architectural and engineering efforts.(Tall Building Structures Analysis and Design) The design and construction of future high-rise towers requires wide knowledge of good architectural principles strong floor plates Complex structural life-safety and building systems that have to be followed correctly. Key to this is through a well planned and better informed design process. According to the Triz journal Toru Nakagawa Staircases must be designed and built not just to be suit able, comfortable, and securely guarded for daily use, but also secure as emergency escaping ways in situations such as fire.They should be designed in a way to prevent the chimney effects as well as flame, smoke, and toxic gases when fire occurs. Moreover, the staircase should be a kind of Internal Staircase and of a Separated type of Internal Staircase to avoid the rising of fire and to keep it as an escaping. In addition, the windows of the staircase should be outspokened widely in case of fire these windows can be used as the entrance for rescuing activities. These windows should open remotely at the control centre of the tall building.According to the Ingenta connect by J. Y. Richard Liew Design codes for fire safety in buildings can be either a prescriptive type or performance-based type. It is recognized that performance-based codes provide greater advantages over the prescriptive codes which allow designers to use the fire engineering methods to assess the fire safety of th e structure. However, as the assessment of the whole structure performance is not easy, most codes currently used are still prescriptive codes or a combine of prescriptive codes and performance-based codes.The key feature for implementing the performance-based fire design codes is the assessment of the fire resistance of the structure. (Liew, 2004) According to Will Pank, Maunsell Ltd Herbert Girardet, Urban Futures Greg Cox, Oscar Faber Ltd in practice, The Corporation of London, several(prenominal) tall buildings are analysed in relation to their design to develop a rationale for fire engineering. The proposed fire solutions or requirements of the intent of the regulations. The main consideration isThe adequateness of means to prevent fire.Early fire warning by an automatic detection and warning system.The standard of means of escape.Provision of smoke control.Control of the rate of growth of a fire.The adequacy of the structure to resist the effects of a fire.The degree of fir e containment.Fire separation between buildings or parts of buildings.The standard of active measures for fire extinguishment or control.Facilities to assist the fire service.Availability of powers to require staff didactics in fire safety and fire routines such as registration or licensing procedures.Evacuation ProcessWhen the raising of a fire alarm is occurred, the main entrance should receive the elevators according to the European evacuation plans. During an emergency, only stairs should be allowed for the evacuation purpose. Furthermore, the stairs may not be an efficient way of evacuation, especially for elderly and disabled persons. In this regard, three phases can be created from the time of an emergency until an area of safety is reached by all the people. In this regard, recognition time, reaction time, and egress time are the abovementioned three phases of an emergency.When the building has not been egress by the people, the time has been referred as the pre-movement ti me. The signs of danger learn the length of this period. In addition, type of the building, as well as, alarms are some other factors that influence the pre-movement time of an emergency. For instance, long pre-movement time might be detect during the night time in an apartment building. Three times longer, as compared with the actual movement time has been considered for the determination of pre-movement time according to a number of studies.After the recognition time, awareness of the emergency is attained by the occupants. Before the giving of fire alarms, one of the most critical parts of the emergency has been considered the recognition time. schooling about the situation, as well as, source of the emergency is required by the people during the reaction time. The reaction time is often affected by the training for emergencies. Until the area of safety has not been reached by everyone, people move out of the building during the actual movement phase of an emergency.Determinat ion of the egress time has been concentrated by the evacuation studies due to the availability of its theoretical estimates. In this regard, figure 2 has illustrated the building filling, as well as, evacuation times with relation to the different up-peak manipulation capacities. For instance, thirty-three minutes was the building filling time, as the up-peak handling capacity was fifteen percent. At this stage, nineteen to twenty-two minutes was the average egress time. (Siikonen and Hakonen, 2003)

Play work principles Essay

The drive for children to ladder is inbuilt in our genetic makeup, almost an instinct or an impulse. Children learn through play their creative activity around them. As the swordplay work principle No1 states All children and young people admit to play. The impulse to play is innate. Play is a biological, psychological and neighborly necessity, and is fundamental to the healthy turn outment and well-being of individuals and communities. A child will choose over anything else to play weather they ar out shopping, eating a meal, and learning at school. Children have the ability to turn anything or object into a fun and exciting adventure.Play is a necessary if not springy part of a childs development. Children naturally learn through play their selves some their human or environment around them and skills which they will develop for life. through and through play they will develop Social skills many games are played with friends, siblings and neighbours and the child will in teract and learn to get along with a group. Listening, debating, reasoning, sharing are all actual through games like dressing up, the home corner, dens or making up new games. Also moral determine are encountered as there is a need for children to apply fairness, inclusion and kindness to others.Physical development Being active is very important to a childs development, as the need to widen their fine and gross motor skills as well as keeping good health. Lots of games need balance, concentration, and coordination like ball games, riding scooters or climbing trees. Intellectual The ability to think for their selves and learn a greater understanding consepts and ideas. When they are playing face games or building things, they are designing, problem solving, thinking ahead and been resourceful. Creative Children have an ability to open their mind and think of things completely different to adults. Through role play or adventure they tolerate be whomever they choose. When they us e visual arts they can use things in different ways and that are non-conventional.They come up with new and exciting ideas and creations. Cultural Our world is diverse and children learn through playing games like dressing up, role play, cooking recipes, and having parties about different cultures and beliefs. Emotional A child can through play express lots of different kinds of emotion. In role play anger, love and empathy can be displayed. They will push boundaries and explore risk by playing more adventurous games. Self-esteem and confidence will be heightened by them having action new skills whilst playing, such as building a den the biggest or the best they have ever done before.Children play to discover about the world the live in, they need to feel the water and play in the mud so they will grow up to appreciate their place in the world. 1.3Play is a fundamental part of a childs development for their health and well-being. Studies have shown that children that are deprived o f play experiences maybe under developed in either a physical or mental ability. That is why the Playprinciple No 1 states All children and young people need to play. The impulse to play is innate. Play is a biological, psychological and social necessity, and is fundamental to the healthy development and well-being of individuals and communities. As it is a necessity. Biological The childs physical development, whether it is their ashes physically fit or their minds well stimulated. Psychological This is the childs overall wellbeing.Sociological This is a childs social skills and to be suitable to get along with other, and mix with a diverse group of children or adults. Frazer Brown statesThis is not a simple interaction but a building complex process wherein, flexibility in the play environment leads to increased flexibility in the child. That child is then better able to make use of the flexible environment and so on. There is massive child development potential in a play setti ng.

Presidential candidate

For an soulfulness to hang for presidency in the United States of America, there are some of the requirements that he/she has to meet. They include the requirement of the individual to be a natural born citizen of the United States. The requirements for one to be considered a US citizen are scrutinized before he/she is allowed to contest for presidency. Immigrants no matter the stream they have lived in the US can not be allowed to contest for presidency.Children who are born outside America by American parents are considered legal to gallop for the presidential position but it is a requirement that they should have lived in the country (US) for a minimum of 14 years before they run for the office. This is so because of the need of the president to be familiar with general issues facing the population as a whole (Michael, 2009). Majority of people expect the view to be of good moral standing. Therefore the morals and ethics of the presidential aspirants are put under scrutiny p articularly by the opponents.This could prove to be difficult for an individual whose character had been compromised in one way or the other during his/her earlier life. Other aspects that could give an individual a better opportunity of winning in elections is experiences that he/she has had. Many of citizens vote for individuals who have had an opportunity to serve the public in any capacity and have shown his outstanding leaders skills. This shows that the individual the nominee has the experience and the capacity to deal with related positions (Robert, 2006).All US presidents have been white males possibly because of the cultural believes and practices that did not provide a train playing ground to both male and female. Majority of the US population is comprised of whites and considering the racial discrimination against immigrants that existed, it could not be possible for an immigrant to run for presidency. The US shaping also prohibits immigrants from running for presiden cy there fore the only people who were in a position of becoming presidents were male whites (Michael, 2009).Laws governing qualifications for presidency should be reviewed so that they can be able to provide a level playing ground to both male, female and immigrants who are legal Citizens of the US. A constituent(a) perfect presidential aspirant should posses the following qualities which could ensure that there is no division between democrats and the republicans or any other party He/she should decipherable and blameless such that his history when traced should not be a questionable one.His/her record should be one that characterized by biasness based on tribe, gender, race color, gospel truth or any other factor that can be considered discriminatory. He/she should be married for at least ten years. This will ensure that the individual has what it takes to handle matters involving military press because if the individual is able to manage his family for that long despite nume rous challenges associated with family, then he can be able to handle pressure that can come intimately with his position as president.He should remain alert to guard the country against attack by enemies. He should be able to have the country through actions. He should be an individual with the interests of each and every person in society at heart. He should not be good manipulated by individuals or organizations (Robert, 2006). He should also be an individual with excellent behavior with good hospitality. Should be friendly, warm, humble, loving to other people and also kind. He should have the ability to learn and teach others either literally or through actions.He should not be using any drug whether legal or illegal as it may interfere with his judgment ability. He should not have characters that may bring out a negative impression about him such as walking out on people. Should be patient and without greed, without jealous or envy and he should be able to bring up a morall y upright family. It should also include the current requirements but the clause that locks out immigrants from running for presidency should be done away with.Sections same(p) the one with the age limit of a candidate should also be retained because they will ensure that the individual has enough experience before he/she is entrusted to lead the country. Political experience should be a must because it will be through that experience that he will know how things are run in the government and make necessary amendments to poor policies. The type of work that the individual is involved in should not be a factor in determining the qualities because there have been successful presidents in the History of America who had humble jobs like Jimmy Carter who was a peasant (Robert, 2006).These qualities will help the candidate to effectively run the government because such a candidate will be able to win the confidence and support of the citizen aspects that are considered to be authoritativ e for successful governance. References Robert J. P. (2006). Qualifications and Attributes to become the President of the United States of America, http//www. lulu. com/items/volume_12/244000/244718/1/print/244718. pdf Michael, T. (2009). The Contemporary Presidency Constitutional Reform and the Presidency The Recent Effort to Repeal the Natural-Born Citizen Requirement. presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 39,

Periodic Table Trends Essay

When you think of a periodic table, you think of elements like oxygen, neon, lead, and iron. You may plain think of numbers, rows, and columns. You may not think about trends that argon happening throughout a periodic table. There are many different trends that go on in a periodic table. The trends that I am going to be describing throughout this paper are atomic mass, atomic radius, first ionisation heartiness, and electronegativity.When you study a normal/ordinary periodic table, the atomic mass ordain usu everyy get bigger when going left over(p) to right and it will also get bigger when you go top to bottom. The atomic mass gets bigger left to right and top to bottom because the protons, electrons, and neutrons are increasing do the mass get bigger as you movie along the periodic table.When you look at the trends of the atomic radius, you will notice as you go left to right, the radius gets smaller and when you go top to bottom the radius gets bigger. The radius gets bigger going top to bottom because more energy levels are proper occupied by electrons. The radius gets smaller going left to right because you are adding more protons which pulls the electrons and it makes it become unbalanced.If you look at the trends of the first ionization energy trends on a periodic table, you will notice that as you go left to right it gets bigger, and as you go top to bottom it gets smaller. This happens because as you go to the right, you gain more protons increasing the magnetic pull qualification it harder to lose electrons. As you go top to bottom it gets smaller because as you go down, the electrons are farther away from the nucleus, which directs less energy than an element that has electrons closer to the nucleus. For example, Li is smaller than Cs. So if you try to take an electron from Li it will require more energy because this atom is smaller and the electrons are closer to the nucleus.When you look at a periodic table you will notice the trends of ele ctronegativity. As you go you left to right, the electronegativity gets bigger, but when you go top to bottom it gets smaller. This trend happens because as you move right the atoms have a tendency to gain electrons in order to become more stable. It gets smaller going top to bottom because you lose energy levels putting the protons out on the outer edge and making it easier to gain electrons.Personally, I think that the periodic table that we use daily is easier to use because it makes sense, and it is organized in a neat manner. It also makes sense to me when I look at it. But, when I look at the alternative periodic table, it seems to have a few things that I like, but the way that it is organized does not really make sense to me. One way that the alternative periodic table is superior to the normal periodic table that we use daily is that it has all the sublevels in an order that is easier to understand and it also visual aspects the way that the elements bond in each(prenomin al) different sublevel.It also has the period number which makes it easier to read and find each sublevel and period. Two ways that the alternative periodic table is worse than the normal periodic table is that the numbers arent in corresponding order, they are only when scattered all over the place and it is harder to see the trends because the organization is not proper compared to the organization of the normal periodic table. Also, the alternative one does not show the atomic mass for each element.